Wafaa A. Hafez; S. A. El-Tohamy and El-Sayed M.K.Behiry( 2011). Integrateded effect of organic manure and urea on wheat yield and grain quality. Fayoum. J. Agric. Res & Dev., Vol. 25, No. 1, January.
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted on a clay soil at a Private Farm, Damas Village, Mit Ghamer district, Dakahliea Governorate, Egypt during the growing winter season of 2009-2010 to study the integrated effect of organic manure (farmyard manure, FYM) as an organic soil amendment and urea on wheat yield (Triticum aestivium L., Gemmiza 9 cv.) and grain quality. Farmyard manure (FYM) was applied at three rates of 0, 15 and 30 m3 fed-1, while urea was added at the rates of 0, 46, 69 kg fed-1. The experimental design was a split plot, with nine treatments, i.e., F0U0 as a control, F0U1, F0U2, F1U0, F1U1, F1U2, F2U0, F2U1 and F2U2. The main plots were occupied with the applied FYM rates, meanwhile the added urea rates were arranged among the sub-plots, and then each treatment was replicated three times. The plot area was 10.5 m2 (3 × 3.5 m), which represents approximately 1/400 feddan. The obtained results showed that the applied different FYM and urea rates exhibited a significantly ameliorated for each of the studied wheat plant parameters at growth (i.e., plant height and No. of either tillers or spikes/plant) and harvest stages (i.e., biological yield of grain plus straw yields and their contents of N, P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn) as well as grain quality (i.e., 1000 grain weight, grain contents of protein, carbohydrates and sugar fractions). The favourable effects of the applied treatments were extended to improve some soil properties, i.e., lowering soil pH and increasing soil available contents of either macro- (N, P and K) or micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn).
Also, it was observed that the effect of the applied treatments was positively reflected on soil biological activity that represented by CO2 evolution from soil before and after irrigation during the growing agriculture season. From the economical point of view, the results of this study showed that the integrated effect of the combined treatment of (30 m3 FYM/fed + 46 kg urea/fed) was recorded best values for all the aforementioned plant parameters and soil properties, taking into consideration the possible adverse fears of human health through environmental risks as a result of the excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Keywords: (Farmyard manure, urea, wheat productivity, wheat grain quality.)
